The Psychology of the Human-Animal Bond

Pets are a source of joy and daily routine for many, but the ancient connection between humans and animals is one that has evolved over time. This connection is now understood to have profound implications for psychological well-being, impacting various aspects of mental health, including stress reduction, emotional support, and social interaction. The human-animal bond is defined as a dynamic and mutually beneficial relationship that influences the health and well-being of both humans and animals. The OneHealth approach similarly models human, animal, and environmental health in a closely connected triad, illustrating how investing in human-animal relationships across a community is key to prevention of chronic illnesses from cardiovascular disease to depression1. 

The Evolution of the Human-Animal Bond

The connection between humans and animals is deeply rooted in our evolutionary history. Initially, animals were domesticated primarily for agriculture, hunting, and protection. However, over time, this relationship evolved into a more emotionally driven bond, where animals became companions and members of the family. The emotional significance of animals in human lives can be seen in ancient burials that included pets alongside their human owners, demonstrating the enduring nature of this relationship2. Similarly, the animals that we coexist with in the present day live within humans’ built environment, so this bond continues to shape and be shaped as society progresses. 

The Impact of the Human-Animal Bond on Mental Health

Stress Reduction 

One of the most well-documented benefits of the human-animal bond is its ability to reduce stress. Studies have shown that interacting with animals can lower cortisol levels, a hormone associated with stress, and increase oxytocin, often referred to as the “love hormone,” which promotes feelings of relaxation and bonding. For instance, research from the National Institutes of Health indicates that petting a dog or cat can lower blood pressure and heart rate, leading to a physiological sense of calm3. Given the damaging health impacts of chronic stress exposure, this source of stress relief can be critical. Lowered blood pressure and heart rate over a long period of time can also prevent chronic diseases that may compound risk for later development of mental health conditions. Further, interacting with animals is often a more accessible health resource than many other stress reduction approaches, since owning pets is a fairly common characteristic across demographics. 

Emotional Support and Companionship 

Animals provide unconditional love and companionship, which can be especially beneficial for individuals experiencing loneliness, depression, or anxiety. For many, pets serve as a consistent source of comfort, offering a non-judgmental presence that can alleviate feelings of isolation. Older adults who may live alone benefit from the exercise and structure a pet provides. Especially during the COVID-19, walking pets were an important driver for social interaction and

daily activity. The APA highlights that the bond between humans and their pets can fulfill a need for attachment, similar to the bonds formed between people, which is crucial for emotional well-being4. When social support is emphasized as a protective factor in many mood disorders, it is important to include social bonds formed with and through pets within this. 

Social Interaction and Connection 

With this idea of social connection and community as protective for mental wellbeing, pets can also serve as social facilitators, encouraging interactions between people who might otherwise be isolated. Dog owners, for example, are more likely to engage in conversations with others during walks, creating opportunities for social connections that can combat feelings of loneliness and improve overall mental health. One study found that dog owners were more likely to meet their neighbors and form friendships than non-pet owners, which can lead to a greater sense of community and belonging5. This collective belonging is essential for sharing mental and physical health resources, while simultaneously taking care of the pet’s wellbeing. 

Therapeutic Applications 

The therapeutic training and use of animals, known as animal-assisted therapy (AAT), has gained recognition for its effectiveness in treating various mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, and depression. Animals used in therapy, such as dogs, horses, and even dolphins, can help patients develop coping strategies, improve social skills, and enhance emotional regulation. A study in the Journal of Clinical Psychology reports that veterans with PTSD who participated in equine therapy experienced significant reductions in symptoms, highlighting the potential of AAT as a complementary treatment6. While AAT therapies may not be a single handed instrument in improving mental health outcomes, it can certainly support other approaches within a holistic treatment plan that incorporates all aspects of an individual’s life, animals included. 

Challenges and Considerations

While the benefits of the human-animal bond are well-documented, it is important to recognize that this relationship also comes with responsibilities and challenges. Pet ownership requires a commitment of time, money, and energy, which can be stressful for some individuals, especially if financial, time commitment, or travel restraints are present. Additionally, the loss of a pet can lead to profound grief, which may exacerbate mental health issues for some people. Balancing 

this attachment with the mental health benefits of the human bond, therefore, is key to safely integrating this into someone’s mental wellbeing toolbox. The American Veterinary Medical Association emphasizes the importance of considering these factors when choosing to bring an animal into one’s life.7 

The human-animal bond is a powerful and complex relationship that has a significant impact on mental health. From reducing stress and providing emotional support to enhancing social interactions and serving as a therapeutic tool, animals play a crucial role in the well-being of

their human companions. However, it is essential to approach this bond with an understanding of the responsibilities it entails and the potential challenges that may arise. As research continues to explore the depths of this connection and the significance of its impact for specific disorders, it is clear that the human-animal bond will remain an integral part of promoting mental health and well-being in society.